Tagged: RUGBY UNION
Rugby Science Update 8
Professional male rugby union players’ perceived psychological recovery and physical regeneration during the off-season
The aim of this study was to explain the phenomenon of psychological recovery and physical regeneration of male professional rugby union players during the off-season. The study used a qualitative approach to gather the beliefs and experiences of players regarding their mental and physical health and well-being across the off-season period and identify the psychological and physical strategies adopted to recover and regenerate in preparation for the upcoming season. The study interviewed 34 male professional players, and found that the off-season is characterised by three phases that players undergo to preserve their mental and physical health and well-being to recover from the previous season and regenerate in preparation for the upcoming season. These include decompression from previous season, cognitive detachment from the rugby environment and preparation for preseason. Successful progression through all three phases appears to be influenced by variables including the work and life demands a player is encountering at the time, contextual factors such as their health status (ie, currently injured or ill), and their level of experience in the sport (eg, previous experiences of the off-season). The authors recommend players should receive sufficient time (5–6 weeks) in the off-season to progress through the phases of recovery and regeneration to prepare for the upcoming season, with consideration for the impact of work and life demands, contextual factors and experience levels. Also, education should be provided to all stakeholders regarding the importance of the off-season period for well-being (recovery and regeneration), together with strategies that can be used to enhance the quality of this process (ie, physically distancing from work environment to support cognitive detachment from rugby, engaging in development activities that nourish holistic identity and personal skill development). Clinicians should also support, where appropriate, player subgroups at risk of threats to well-being and welfare in the off-season period (long term or recently injured and younger professionals).
This is study is published in BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine and is open access.
Tackling sport-related concussion: effectiveness of lowering the maximum legal height of the tackle in amateur male rugby – a cross-sectional analytical study
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a tackle law variation that reduces the maximum legal tackle height from the line of the shoulder of the ball barrier, to the line of the armpit, on injury, head injury and sport-related concussion (SRC) incidence in amateur community rugby union. The study used a cross-sectional analytical design over the period 2018 (control) and 2019 (intervention) in a South African collegiate student rugby competition – which included 42 teams. Reducing the legal tackle height from the line of the shoulder to the armpit of the ball carrier in community amateur rugby showed a trend towards reducing injuries, head injuries and SRC, however, these injury trends were not statistically different.
This study is published in Injury Prevention and is open access.
Performance indicators associated with match outcome within the United Rugby Championship
This study had 3 aims i) identify performance indicators associated with match outcomes in the United Rugby Championship (URC), ii) compare efficacy of isolated data and data relative to opposition in predicting match outcome, and iii) investigate whether reduced performance indicator statistical models can reproduce predictive accuracy. The study analysed 27 performance indicators from 96 matches during the 2020-2021 URC season. Five key performances indicators differentiated between winning and losing in the URC – kicks from hand, metres made, clean breaks, turnovers conceded and scrum penalties. Kicking was highlighted as a key driver for match success, with the probability of winning higher for a team kicking more than their opposition. Also, team performance data are much more efficient at predicting match outcomes when expressed relative to the opposition’s performance.
This study is published in the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport and is open access.
Scott, G. A., Bezodis, N., Waldron, M., Bennett, M., Church, S., Kilduff, L. P., & Brown, M. R. (2023). Performance indicators associated with match outcome within the United Rugby Championship. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 26(1), 63-68.
Year Round Strength & Conditioning for Rugby Union
Strength and conditioning for Rugby Union should not only be specific to the demands of the overall game but to that of the demands of the respective positions. Further to this exercise selection specific to each training phase needs to be considered when designing a year round strength and conditioning programme for rugby union.
by Wayne Lombard and Rob Arkell
THE FOUR PHASES OF TRAINING PERIODIZATION FOR RUGBY UNION. (THE ABOVE SEASON DATES ARE BASED ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN RUGBY SEASON)
Rugby Union is a sport that incorporates intermittent, short duration, high intensity exercise, maximal efforts of power and strength, muscular endurance, agility and speed. Professional rugby players have been shown to cover up to 6km in a game, spending half their playing time at 78-90% of HRmax. These players also produce maximal sprint velocities lasting 4 – 6 seconds, covering up to 60m at a time. Above all this, players are also exposed to high impact loads, ranging from 6000N – 9000N during a scrum or tackle situation. What makes Rugby even more interesting is that each position requires a very different physiological make up. For example, forwards need to be able to take hits and compete physically for ball possession whereas backs need to be explosive and agile to avoid tackles and take the gaps.
Strength & Conditioning for Rugby
A fundamental principle of training popularized by Verkhoshansky and Siff is the law of “Dynamic correspondence”, which states that “the means and methods of strength training for a specific sport should be chosen to enhance the required motor qualities in terms of,
- amplitude and direction of movement pattern
- Region of force production
- Dynamics of the effort
- Rate and time of force
- Regime of muscular work
Hence, to ensure that the players are optimally conditioned for rugby, it is important that the strength and conditioning programs are specifically designed, not only for rugby as a whole, but also to match the demands of each position. The phases of a strength and conditioning programme should be periodized into four phases (Figure), each with distinctly different training goals and adaptations. The primary goals for strength and conditioning for rugby can be divided up into the following characteristics;
- Muscle Mass
- Muscular Strength & Endurance
- Power
- Aerobic capacity
- Speed & Agility
Conclusion
It is important that training is specific to the demands of rugby to induce the desired physiological adaptations, which are associated with improved performance. Furthermore, it is important that players of all age groups adopt a well structured and designed rugby specific strength and conditioning programme to sufficiently prepare them physically for the demands associated with the game as well as reduce the chance of acquiring musculoskeletal injuries.
References:
Cunniffe, B., Proctor, W., Baker, J. S., & Davies, B. An evaluation of the physiological demands of elite rugby union using global positioning system tracking software. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(4), 1195–1203. 2009
Duthie, G., Pyne, D., & Hooper, S. (2003). Applied physiology and game analysis of rugby union. Sports Medicine, 33(13), 973–991. 2003
Lambert, M. I. Aspects of physical conditioning for rugby. (SARU, Ed.) (pp. 1–17). Cape Town : Boksmart. Retrieved from http://www.sarugby.com 2009
Verjhoshansky, Y., Siff, M. Supertraining. 6th Ed. Rome. Ultimate Athlete Concepts, USA. 2009
About the Authors
Wayne Lombard completed his undergraduate and honors degrees at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (Durban). He then joined the Sports Science Institute of South Africa as a Biokineticist and Performance enhancement specialist at the High Performance Centre. He then went on to complete is Masters degree and is currently registered for a PhD in exercises science at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Wayne has worked with various of South Africa’s top athletes in all sporting codes, including some of South Africa’s Paralympic and Olympic athletes.
Robin Arkell completed both his undergraduate and Honours degrees at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. He completed his internship at The Sports Science Institute of South Africa, in The High Performance Centre, where he was exposed to a wide range of sporting codes. Robin is currently registered for a Masters degree in Biokinetics at the University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa, specializing in youth rugby union development. He is also currently the Strength and Conditioning coach for the UCT 1st XV rugby union team.
Rugby Science 